In vitro assays for investigating the immunomodulatory properties of human mesenchymal stromal cells.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are widely recognized for their immunomodulatory properties, which underpin their therapeutic potential in inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. Although MSC therapies have consistently proven safe, clinical efficacy remains inconclusive, maybe due to incomplete understanding of MSC interactions with the immune environment. This review evaluates current trends in MSC immunomodulation research, based on 318 studies published since 2019 until medio 2024. The most frequently used assays included characterization, proliferation, and polarization, employing methods such as flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and colorimetric assays, and polymerase chain reaction. Many studies incorporated strategies for priming of MSCs or included immune cells, most commonly peripheral blood mononuclear cells, T cells, and macrophages. We identify key sources of variability and propose a minimum reporting checklist including MSC source, priming conditions, assay design, and immune cell characteristics. We further recommend implementation of multi-assay workflows combining phenotypic characterization with at least one functional assay. These measures may improve transparency, comparability across studies, and guide robust assay design.

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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