Xenogeneic cardiac extracellular matrix scaffolds with or without seeded mesenchymal stem cells exhibit distinct in vivo immunosuppressive and regenerative properties.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

• Level A · Stronger Clinical Evidence
• Level B · Emerging clinical evidence with positive signals
• Level C · Early human research exploring benefits
• Level D · Scientific groundwork from lab and animal studies
• Emerging · Emerging topic under active research

Abstract (original English)

Cardiac extracellular matrix (cECM) scaffolds are promising biomaterials for reconstructive surgery applications since they possess the structure/function properties of native tissue. Production of cECM scaffolds has been achieved using decellularization approaches, which commonly employ denaturing detergents, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Our antigen removal (AR) method has been shown to remove cellular and nonmyocyte components, while preserving cECM scaffold structure/function relationships. Here, we demonstrate that more human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) invaded AR scaffolds compared to SDS controls. Additionally, AR scaffolds stimulated a constructive remodeling response similar to allograft controls, and were transformed to adipose tissue in a xenogeneic rat to mouse subpannicular in vivo model. Conversely, SDS scaffolds showed a chronic inflammatory response that worsened throughout the 12-wk time course preventing constructive remodeling and mirroring the response seen towards xenogeneic tissue. AR scaffolds and xenogeneic controls recellularized with murine MSCs (mMSCs) were also implanted to assess whether mMSCs would offer any additive benefit in overcoming residual scaffold-specific immune responses. Paradoxically, recellularization resulted in chronic inflammatory response in AR-recellularized scaffolds. We conclude that AR cECM scaffolds represent a prom

Evidence level

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies provides groundwork for understanding mechanisms and potential before human studies continue.

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